Producing aspirin by vacuum filtration Essay Example

Producing aspirin by vacuum filtration Paper Method: Collect all the equipment, using a measuring balance weigh out 5. 0g of 2-hydrobenzoic acid in a conical flask. Then add 7cm3 of ethanoic acid anhydride and also add three drops of concentrated sulphuric acid.   At the top of the conical flask fit the air condenser and mix together the reagents and then add to a water bath with a temperature between 50- 60  °C for 15 minutes.   After you have taken the conical flask out of the water bath then run it under cold water, remember not to remove the air condenser. Next add 75cm3 of distilled water, and then using a glass rod stir well. Then using a separating funnel adds filter paper to the top of the vacuum filter and then pours the solution into the Buchner funnel. Release the tap so water allows the filtration to process quickly. Then collect the solids which have been separated in the vacuum filtration Re-crystallise by transferring the crude product to 100cm3 flask and add in 15cm3 of ethanol, alongside 45cm3 of distilled water. Then fit the air condenser and place the conical flask into the water bath until the crude has dissolved   Allow the solution to cool and then collect the product by vacuum filtration. Finally dry the product at room temperature. Vacuum filtration: Vacuum filtration is a technique used for separating a solid product from a solvent, or liquid reaction mixture, the mixture of solid and solvent is poured through a filter paper in a Buchner funnel, the solid is trapped in the filter paper and the liquid is poured through into a flask below by a vacuum. A filter is used to separate the solid from liquid by a vacuum pump to force the liquid through the filter. This is why vacuum filtration is used to obtain recrystallized solids such as aspirin. We will write a custom essay sample on Producing aspirin by vacuum filtration specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Producing aspirin by vacuum filtration specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Producing aspirin by vacuum filtration specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The liquid in the solution will pass through the filter paper quicker in order to achieve a dryer product in less time. When recrystallizing the aspirin the impurities were kept in the solution, I used the process of vacuum filtration, this process got most of the water out which took out the impurities too. This process was really good to use, once all the impurities were took out the aspirin was ready to use for the next process. Re-crystallisation: Re-crystallisation is technique to dispatch a soluble. This technique relies on gentle evaporation of the solution over heat. The slower the evaporation, the bigger the crystals. This procedure of crystal formation helps to clean the substance. This is because the structure of crystal is reliant on on the form of the lattice pattern. Re-crystallisation depends on on alteration in solubility of substances so the impurities substances crystal out first so the rest can re-crystallise. Aspirin is less soluble then the impurity, so when adding cold water to it the saturated point reduces. As this reduces this shows that no more is able to dissolve allowing white solids to form. These solids form they crystallise so more products comes out allowing more crystallisation to occur leaving behind the impurities. Melting point results table: Test tubes Temperature Ca ¦ 1st try 132 Ca ¦ 2nd try 128 Ca ¦ 3rd try 130 Ca ¦ Average of the temperature: 132 + 128 + 130 = 390 Ca ¦ 390Ca ¦ = 130Ca ¦ 3 AVERAGE = 130 Ca ¦ The melting point of pure aspirin: The melting point of aspirin is between138-140 Ca ¦, my results were lower than that, this is because in my aspirin they were impurities, these impurities will lowered the melting point of my aspirin therefore making my melting point of the aspirin that I made about 130Ca ¦. Another example is when in winter the, vehicles go around putting salt on the top of the snow, the salt decreases the melting point of the snow therefore making it easier for road users to drive. So having impurities will decrease the melting point but it increases the boiling point. One way to think of it is that impurities get in the way of the bonds that would be holding the solid together. By disrupting the normal organization of atoms or molecules in that solid, the impurities weaken the bonds holding the solid together (keep in mind these are bonds BETWEEN atoms and molecules, not within them). As these intermolecular bonds weaken, it takes less energy to pull the molecules apart, which means it will melt to a liquid at a lower temperature. Conclusion- in my conclusion I saw that my aspirin had less impurities compared to the commercial aspirin, the commercial aspirin showed more dots, this is because the commercial aspirin had other ingredients added in, this will have an effect on the aspirin, it will make it more impure as for my aspirin it didn’t have other substances added in therefore it wasn’t impure as much as the commercial aspirin. Method:- First I got a TLC plate and measured 1cm above the plate and drew a line, then I measured 4cm wide from the side. Measure 1cm from the side, take 2 test tubes and put in a 3rd of the aspirin with the spatula into the test tube, then a 3rd of the commercial aspirin into another test tube. Add 2. 5 ml of ethanol and 2. 5ml of dye chloromethane to another test tube and mix it together. Take a pipette and add 1cm of the solution to each test tube containing the aspirin, shake well do the aspirin dissolves, then get a capillary tube and put it on the TLC Plate and let it dry, you place the dots with the capillary tube four times and see the colour, then get a beaker and add ethanol acetate into the beaker and wait until the four dots go up on the TLC Plate and change colour and then make a mark. Results:-From my results I got two different results this is because, I used two different aspirins, a commercial aspirin which affected the results because in the commercial aspirin, chemicals where added and in the original aspirin I got normal results. Evaluation: While I was doing experiments in found it easy to work with a partner, the method was easy to set up, I found it difficult to understand the concept of some of the techniques used. Io found it easy to put the equipment away and use it, I had no problem. But because of the science laboratory, we didn’t have all of the resources that we needed so we didn’t make pure aspirin, if I had to do the experiments again I would make sure that I have all the resources that I need to make pure aspirin.

Godiva Companys Strengths and Weaknesses

Godiva Companys Strengths and Weaknesses Godiva is a company, which is situated in both Belgium and United States that is involved in the beverage business. Coffee, tea and chocolate are the main products offered by this organization. The company controls a big market all over the world especially in Europe and United States. Below are some of the strengths and weaknesses of the way the organization is run.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Godiva Companys Strengths and Weaknesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the strengths of Godiva in Belgium is that it offers pleasure to the consumers of or their products they offer in the market. They offer this pleasure through refinement of their products as well as taste preference that is associated with their products. Among the products that consumers deem refined is the praline, which is especially well appreciated by women. Having refined products maintains the consumers and also attracts others. Their chocolates tend to offer consistency in the way they melt in the mouths of consumers. In turn, this makes the consumers to be sensitive of the products they offer. Producing product in a certain consistency means that there is no risk of loss of consumers due to dissatisfaction that may come with changing of the tastes of the products in provision. The products offered by Godiva are also known to be health-sensitive. They offer a pure product devoid of chemicals, which the consumer always put in mind. Having a product that observes the health of consumers ensures that the consumer develops trust in the product, being offered to them and this acts as a benefit to the organization The company is also in observance of the consumers like in the different regions they sell their products. Since the consumers in the different regions of the world have different tastes and preference, it is always important to know the best way to package their products. When it comes to the marketing exer cise of their products, Godiva aims at reaching an optimum compromise of the automation and hard work. Observance of this means that there is a continuous uniformity of the products the organization produces and they do not fears of losing the market due to inadequate quality taste that might come with changes in the quality of the products. The introduction of the brand to customers in Japan and other countries is advantageous as it increases the revenue for the organization. It is notable that the global brand is similar to the dominant brand in Belgium which acts like the benchmark.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is notable that Godiva has some considerable weaknesses. The following are some of them. Their advertising tendered only to reinforce the aged and grandmothers image in Belgium. Such a move is not the wisest since the young people are the biggest c onsumers of chocolates. It would also be better to focus on all groups of people since they offer a universal product. Moreover, much attention is needed to be given to the younger generation since they can offer a market for a longer time than the aged. When it comes to production, Belgium consumer is usually considered as the reference point of the products to be availed to the market. The fact that their products are meant for global market calls for consideration of all the consumers. Different people from different regions tend to have different tastes and it is only after getting to know their needs that their tastes and preference can be known. In Belgium the brand of Godiva is said to have aged. The cause of the attractiveness loss can be attributed to poor distribution channels found in Belgium. It is notable that the only way to ensure that the organization still commands the market like it used to, it greatly needs to change the approach to ensure that they do not loose m arket to their competitors. Another weakness that is in existence has to be the distribution channel where it is notable that there is some weakness with availing the products to the customer. Centralization sometimes is not favorable as it limits the distribution.

English Law of Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English Law of Contract - Essay Example The government of Zanzibar wanted to purchase an executive jet for the use of their president. In the year 1992, a contract was signed between the Government, British Aerospace, and CIBC Finance PLC. After using the plane, it was found to be defective. The government returned it back to British Aerospace for repairing it. But even after repair, the fault continued. The government stopped lease payments. CIBC took possession of the plane and sold it, in order to recover the cost incurred. The government of Zanzibar had initiated an action against British Aerospace accusing false representation of the airworthiness, reliability and defect-free nature of the plane, as claimed by British Aerospace. They wanted to cancel the contract or alternatively, to get compensation of the damages, according to the English Misrepresentation Act, 1967. Subsequently, British Aerospace claimed that restoring the jet to its original position and return it back to the Government cannot be possible because it had already been sold. (England and Wales High Court Decisions. 2000) The government of Zanzibar proposed that the contract signed between Government, British Aerospace had hidden misrepresentation of claims made by British Aerospace. The untrue statement about was made by British Aerospace. According to English Misrepresentation Act 1967, British Aerospace had disclosed half-truth, and thus the contract is voidable. The government claimed that the contract with British Aerospace is subjected to fraudulent misrepresentation (deceit). In this case, the Government claimed that rescission must be made, and they appealed to rescind the contract and put them back to the pre-contractual position. It could be by returning the plane to the Government in its original position or compensation for damages due to misrepresentation. (Weitzenboeck, 2012)

For presentaition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

For presentaition - Essay Example For this man, music and dating girls was very closely connected. As he got older, his tastes did change and he found that his desire to buy records changed as well. By the time he was in his 20’s, he felt that records were more for kids, not adults. By this time he was married and had a family, so most of his media consumption switched to radio. He remembers that he has a small transistor radio that he would listen to at work. I would pick-up a local radio station that played a lot of country and western music, so he started to enjoy this type of music more, especially Johnny Cash and Roy Orbison. The radio also became his main source of hearing news reports. He said that he rarely had time to sit down to read the newspaper while his kids were at home, so he would listen to news over his transistor radio. He still remembered the first car he had that had a radio. He said that that was a very big, exciting purchase for him. I was amazed at how little he had to do with television. He says that it had never appealed to him, even in the early days when everyone was going crazy for it. He said, â€Å"There wasn’t anything worth watching on television fifty years ago and the last time I checked, nothing has changed!† Even though he is less active now, he still chooses to listen to the radio instead of watching television, only now he listens to radio stations over the

Why government should make fossil fuel illegal Research Paper

Why government should make fossil fuel illegal - Research Paper Example The by-products of oil, along with coal, together known as ‘fossil fuels,’ are the major contributors to what is commonly referred to as ‘greenhouse gasses’ being pumped into the atmosphere at a phenomenal rate, the effects of which are causing the Earth’s climate to change. According to all peer-reviewed scientific studies, if the quantity of greenhouse gasses being spewed into the air by automobiles, power plants and factories is not greatly reduced and quickly, the earth and its inhabitants will experience catastrophic consequences in the not too distant future. Fossil fuels are doing great harms that cannot be justified therefore should be illegal much as another other product that causes death and destruction. The people of the Middle East will have to rise up, as they currently are, to dispose their leaders. The best path for other countries, in this respect, is to stop funding them. This paper will discuss the most vital reason to criminalize f ossil fuels, pollution and global warming. The greenhouse effect occurs naturally. When the sun’s light penetrates the atmosphere and strikes the earth’s surface only about two-thirds of the solar energy of the impact is absorbed by the earth. The remaining third reflects off the earth then back into space. Gases consisting primarily of nitrogen and oxygen located in the atmosphere act in the same manner as the glass roof of a greenhouse. These gases act like a bubble surrounding the earth and allow all the available sunlight to enter but trap the majority of this solar energy which, in turn, warms the earth. This is a natural yet tenuous balance which is made more unstable by man-made gases which adds to the total amount of gases. This continuing build-up of gaseous substances in the atmosphere traps more of the solar energy and reflects less. This increasing trend is the reason the earth is warming and its climate changing. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) makes up only a tiny f raction of naturally occurring gases in the atmosphere but constitute approximately half of man-made fossil fuel greenhouse gases. (Lean, Pearce, 2006). The very apparent, inarguable scientific facts regarding man-induced CO2 gases exacerbating the greenhouse effect are not apparent to some who are arguing the evidence with questionable evidence and logic. For example Anthony Lupo author of the article â€Å"Anthropogenic Global Warming: A Skeptical Point of View† postulates that CO2 is not a pollutant at all which is a short-sighted theory, at best, to anyone who has seen black plumes of CO2 smoke pouring out of factory smoke-stacks into the formerly clean air. Lupo claims CO2 is beneficial for plants and occurs naturally in the atmosphere which is true but only when considering naturally occurring amounts which are small and not the excessive quantities which have been emitted worldwide over the past 100 years. According to Lupo climate change is more a regional occurrence and does not affect the entire earth. â€Å"Regionally, climate has been shown to change rapidly in the past and will continue to do so in the future. Life on earth will adapt as it has always done. Life on earth has been shown to thrive when planetary temperatures are warmer as opposed to colder† (Lupo, 2008). Further, Lupo says that scientists will not be able to prove one way or the other if climate change is happening for many decades to come. As if the well documented rising ocean levels and melting Polar ice caps are not an indicator. Lupo believes, or at least writes that today’

Overcoming the Constraints of Society Essay -- literary Analysis, Kate

he focus of this paper will be to examine Kate Chopin’s The Awakening chapter ten, specifically paragraphs five to ten. Throughout The Awakening Edna is constantly fighting with the expectations of society and her desire to be a free woman. As a woman, Edna is expected to be the perfect wife and mother, however she longs to embrace and free her creative self. Because of this battle within herself she shows many of the characteristics of depression. The passage mentioned above is very symbolic of Edna’s fight to overcome her mental illness. The thesis of this paper is that Edna’s yearning to swim is a metaphor for her longing to overcome depression, patriarchal expectations and societal constraints. By taking an in-depth look into the author’s word choice, a parallel can be found between learning to swim and the ability to overcome the depression within. The water mentioned in the passage is symbolic of Edna’s depression, and the fact that she had been trying to learn how to swim shows that she is trying to conquer it. Edna’s inability to swim shows that she was struggling to defeat her depression, however she was actively trying to find help by asking others for assistance. Edna describes that â€Å"A certain ungovernable dread hung about her when in the water† (Chopin 73), this shows her fear of succumbing to the depression but also her anxiety to rise above it. By giving in to the depression Edna would accept society’s expectation of her, she would have to become the perfect mother and wife at any cost. Meanwhile, in order for her to rise out of the depression she would have to give in to her desire to be free of these expectations. Before Edna was able to swim, she describes herself as a â€Å"tottering, stumbling, clutching chi... ... the water in this passage, and her decision on whether or not to conform to the expectations of society. Her inability to swim in the beginning exhibits how Edna has been conforming to the expectations of society by becoming both a wife and mother, and as a result has developed the depression. Edna was able to defeat her depression, represented by her learning how to swim, by choosing the more solitary path. It can also be seen that Edna’s hold on her depression is very unsteady and wavering, which shows that she might not be able to control it. In the end she was â€Å"reaching out for the unlimited in which to lose herself.†(Chopin 74), which shows that she is unable to contain her creative self within and she is looking for an escape from society. It also represents that she cannot keep control of her depression and that she is also looking for an escape from life.

How does the author create suspense in chapter two of the novel, in which Carl Heine’s body is discovered?

In this essay I am going to explain how the author, David Guterson creates suspense in chapter two. The author helps create suspense by using the typical technical structure of story writing and emphasises their use. David Guterson throughout the whole of the book uses a lot of descriptive imagery, especially in this chapter, which makes a significant additive in the story line. The main protagonists in this chapter are Art Moran, the town's sheriff and Abel Martinson a young officer. The beginning of chapter two starts without informing the reader about the death of Carl Heine, so the reader doesn't know Carl is dead, this is not revealed until the end of the chapter. The setting and pace of this chapter I think are the two most important elements that help create the suspense. This is because they create the atmosphere. The setting of most of chapter two is set on Carl Heine's deserted boat, deserted as in the middle of the harbour and lonely in the thick fog, ‘A fog as palpable as cotton' Is the description used by the author to describe the weather. The suspense is built up thicker and leaves the reader wondering why the boat is alone and not moving. Just before Carl Heine's body is recovered the weather starts to change slightly and the fog starts to become clearer, which is a hidden meaning that the truth is becoming clearer, they are getting closer to the truth. On the boat Abel and Art find a lot of unforeseen objects that makes them wonder what is going on and again with the reader. ‘Silent fish' Is the word to describe the salmon that has been found and has obviously been there for a while. The word silent is the keyword as it represents the atmosphere and possibly Carls death. Then the coffee cup tipped on its side, which shows struggle. The most mysterious item found was the battery dead that I think is symbolic of Carl Heine being dead. The pace of this chapter starts off very, very slow which reflects Carl Heine's death. David uses a lot of history when describing the different characters, not to mention the specific details he goes in to describe them. ‘The sheriff was a lean figure, unimposing, who habitually chewed a stick of juicy fruit gum' Is just one example of the description used. Also the author uses very long sentences, which again slows down the pace of the chapter, this changes towards the end of the chapter. The pace increases in speed, which also increases the intensity and the fact that something is going to happen. This is similar to a movie when they use music to create the atmosphere, start it off slow and then increase the speed to let the audience know something is going to happen but music cant be used in a book so they use the sentences and words to create their atmosphere. When the author increases the pace he uses words like ‘Thrust' This is onomatopoeia, which David adds to create sound to the chapter. The pace slows down once Carl Heine's body is discovered which lets the reader come to reality that the body or what Abel and Art were looking for has finally been found. This creativity also comes into use with the language. The language often stays the same throughout the chapter, but in this sense it helps the reader create a vivid image or picture of the person in your head. The language is also very repetitive which builds up the atmosphere in a sense of panic. The author then leaves Carls face as the last thing the two see and the fact that they don't want to see it and they will have to eventually, is this sense of realisation. Not just for Abel and Art but for the reader, as it is such an intimate chapter. So therefore as seen the author very cleverly creates suspense by using and changing the language, pace, setting and using the characters wisely which makes this chapter more effective as it leaves the reader asking questions like, Why is the boat there? where's Carl Heine? And most importantly what's going to happen next? All these answered are eventually found out in the end of chapter two.